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Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which case established the principle of judicial review in the United States? A. Brown v. Board of Education B. Marbury v. Madison C. Roe v. Wade D. Plessy v. Ferguson Answer: B. Marbury v. Madison 2. Which case established the right to counsel for criminal defendants? A. Gideon v. Wainwright B. Miranda v. Arizona C. Mapp v. Ohio D. Terry v. Ohio Answer: A. Gideon v. Wainwright 3. Which case established the "separate but equal" doctrine in the United States? A. Brown v. Board of Education B. Marbury v. Madison C. Roe v. Wade D. Plessy v. Ferguson Answer: D. Plessy v. Ferguson 4. Which case established the right to privacy in the United States? A. Brown v. Board of Education B. Marbury v. Madison C. Roe v. Wade D. Plessy v. Ferguson Answer: C. Roe v. Wade 5. Which case established the principle of freedom of the press in the United States? A. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District B. New York Times Co. v. United States C. Texas v. Johnson D. Engel v. Vitale Answer: B. New York Times Co. v. United States 6. Which case established the principle of "one person, one vote" in the United States? A. Baker v. Carr B. Gibbons v. Ogden C. McCulloch v. Maryland D. Worcester v. Georgia Answer: A. Baker v. Carr 7. Which case established the principle of due process of law in the United States? A. Brown v. Board of Education B. Marbury v. Madison C. Roe v. Wade D. Fifth Amendment Answer: B. Marbury v. Madison 8. Which case established the right to free speech in the United States? A. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District B. New York Times Co. v. United States C. Texas v. Johnson D. Engel v. Vitale Answer: A. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Short Answer Questions: 1. What is the difference between civil law and criminal law? Answer: Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations, while criminal law deals with crimes committed against the state. 2. What is the difference between a trial court and an appellate court? Answer: A trial court is where a case is first heard and a verdict is reached, while an appellate court reviews the decisions of lower courts. 3. What is the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony? Answer: A misdemeanor is a less serious crime, typically punishable by up to one year in jail, while a felony is a more serious crime, typically punishable by more than one year in prison. 4. What is the difference between a statute and a common law rule? Answer: A statute is a law passed by a legislative body, while a common law rule is a legal principle established by court decisions. 5. What is the difference between a plaintiff and a defendant? Answer: A plaintiff is the party that brings a legal action, while a defendant is the party being sued. 6. What is the role of a jury in a trial? Answer: The role of a jury is to decide the guilt or innocence of a defendant in a criminal trial. Essay Question: 1. Explain the concept of precedent in the context of case law and its significance in the legal system. Answer: In the legal system, precedent refers to a court decision that establishes a principle or rule that serves as a guide or authority for future cases. When a court decides a case, it not only resolves the immediate dispute but also establishes a legal principle that can be applied in future cases with similar facts or issues. Precedent is significant because it provides predictability and consistency in the legal system. It helps ensure that similar cases are treated similarly and that the law is applied uniformly. Moreover, it reduces the need for courts to start from scratch in every case and promotes efficiency by allowing courts to rely on past decisions. However, precedent is not absolute and can be overturned or distinguished by later courts if circumstances warrant it. Additionally, the process of interpreting and applying precedent is complex and involves considerations of legal principles, social values, and policy concerns. As such, precedent is a crucial aspect of the case law system that helps maintain the stability and fairness of the legal system.