Chapter 5: Photosynthesis — Exam Revision Mind Map This mind map organizes photosynthesis into four main branches: chlorophyll and chloroplasts, light-dependent reactions, the Calvin cycle, and factors affecting photosynthesis. It highlights the flow of energy from sunlight to chemical energy and, ultimately, to the production of sugars. The structure is designed for high school biology students to revise key terminology, understand cause-and-effect relationships, and prepare for final examinations. # PHOTOSYNTHESIS Converting light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars ### 1. Chlorophyll & Chloroplasts Location and light capture - Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis - Chlorophyll: absorbs light energy - Thylakoids: light-dependent reactions - Stroma: Calvin cycle - Green pigment in plants ### 2. Light-Dependent Reactions Capture and conversion of energy - Require light - Water is split - Oxygen is released - ATP is produced - NADPH is produced ### 3. Calvin Cycle Carbon fixation and sugar production - Occurs in the stroma - Uses CO₂ - Uses ATP and NADPH - Produces G3P, a sugar precursor - Regenerates RuBP ### 4. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis What controls the rate? - Light intensity - Carbon dioxide concentration - Temperature - Water availability - Limiting factors ### The central relationship Light energy → ATP + NADPH → Calvin cycle → G3P → sugars such as glucose Oxygen is released when water is split during the light-dependent reactions. ## 1. Detailed revision branches ## Branch 1 — Chlorophyll and chloroplasts - Photosynthesis: process by which plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. - Chlorophyll: pigment that absorbs light, especially red and blue wavelengths. - Chloroplast: organelle where photosynthesis takes place. - Thylakoid membranes: contain chlorophyll, photosystems, and electron transport components. - Stroma: fluid-filled space where the Calvin cycle occurs. Exam connection: Know both the function and location of each structure. ## Branch 2 — Light-dependent reactions - Location: thylakoid membranes. - Input: light and water; ADP and NADP⁺ are also needed to form energy-carrying products. - Step 1 — Light absorption: chlorophyll absorbs photons and excites electrons. - Step 2 — Water splitting (photolysis): supplies electrons and hydrogen ions; oxygen is released. - Step 3 — Electron transport: energy from electrons helps establish a proton gradient. - Step 4 — ATP production: ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to make ATP. - Step 5 — NADPH production: electrons and hydrogen ions help reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH. - Outputs: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. Key relationship: light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH. ## Branch 3 — Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) - Location: chloroplast stroma. - Inputs: CO₂, ATP, and NADPH. - Step 1 — Carbon fixation: the enzyme RuBisCO helps attach CO₂ to RuBP, forming an unstable compound that splits into 3-PGA. - Step 2 — Reduction: ATP and NADPH help convert 3-PGA into G3P. - Step 3 — Regeneration: ATP supports the regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can continue. - Sugar formation: some G3P leaves the cycle and contributes to the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates. Important: the Calvin cycle does not directly require photons, but it depends on ATP and NADPH generated by the light-dependent reactions. ## Branch 4 — Factors affecting the rate - Light intensity: increasing light can increase the rate until another factor limits it. - CO₂ concentration: more CO₂ can increase the rate until saturation or another limitation. - Temperature: the rate generally rises toward an optimum; excessive heat can disrupt enzyme function. - Water availability: shortage can cause stomata to close, restricting CO₂ entry. - Limiting factor: the factor in shortest effective supply relative to the plant's needs. - Practical application: compare oxygen bubble production in aquatic plants at different light intensities, while controlling other variables. Exam connection: explain why increasing one factor may eventually stop increasing the rate. ## 2. Overall process and key equation Sunlight + chlorophyll Light energy is captured Light-dependent reactions Water → oxygen; ATP + NADPH produced Calvin cycle CO₂ + ATP + NADPH → G3P Carbohydrate synthesis G3P contributes to glucose and other carbohydrates ### Balanced overall equation \\[ 6CO_2+6H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{light, chlorophyll}} C_6H\_{12}O_6+6O_2 \\] Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. This is the simplified net equation; actual photosynthesis proceeds through multiple reactions. ## 3. Mermaid mind map code Use this version if you want a text-based mind map that can be rendered in a Mermaid-compatible editor or included in study notes. \#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_{font-family:-apple-system-body,ui-sans-serif,-apple-system,system-ui,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,"Apple Color Emoji",Arial,sans-serif,"Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol";font-size:16px;fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .error-icon{fill:rgb(243, 243, 243);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .error-text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);stroke:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .marker{fill:rgb(143, 143, 143);stroke:rgb(143, 143, 143);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .marker.cross{stroke:rgb(143, 143, 143);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ svg{font-family:-apple-system-body,ui-sans-serif,-apple-system,system-ui,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,"Apple Color Emoji",Arial,sans-serif,"Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol";font-size:16px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ p{margin:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge{stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 path{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon--1{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge--1{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth--1{stroke-width:17;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 line{stroke:rgb(247.0418994413, 166.3240223463, 59.4581005587);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 polygon{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge--1{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 path{fill:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-0{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-0{stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-0{stroke-width:14;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 line{stroke:rgb(205.6463414634, 126.8536585367, 188.3292682927);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 polygon{fill:rgb(107, 198, 127);stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-0{stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 path{fill:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-1{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-1{stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-1{stroke-width:11;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 line{stroke:rgb(73.760869565, 181.6413043477, 237.7391304348);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 polygon{fill:rgb(239, 139, 87);stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-1{stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 path{fill:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-2{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-2{stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-2{stroke-width:8;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 line{stroke:rgb(50.3431952664, 95.8224852073, 246.1568047338);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 polygon{fill:rgb(248, 212, 93);stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-2{stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 path{fill:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-3{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-3{stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-3{stroke-width:5;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 line{stroke:rgb(149.7173913044, 219.3043478259, 23.1956521739);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 polygon{fill:rgb(184, 151, 244);stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-3{stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 path{fill:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-4{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-4{stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-4{stroke-width:2;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 line{stroke:rgb(18.405737705, 231.0942622953, 137.0204918033);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 polygon{fill:rgb(246, 142, 188);stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-4{stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 path{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-5{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-5{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-5{stroke-width:-1;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 line{stroke:rgb(247.0418994413, 166.3240223463, 59.4581005587);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 polygon{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-5{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 path{fill:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-6{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-6{stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-6{stroke-width:-4;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 line{stroke:rgb(205.6463414634, 126.8536585367, 188.3292682927);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 polygon{fill:rgb(107, 198, 127);stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-6{stroke:rgb(107, 198, 127);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 path{fill:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-7{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-7{stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-7{stroke-width:-7;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 line{stroke:rgb(73.760869565, 181.6413043477, 237.7391304348);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 polygon{fill:rgb(239, 139, 87);stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-7{stroke:rgb(239, 139, 87);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 path{fill:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-8{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-8{stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-8{stroke-width:-10;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 line{stroke:rgb(50.3431952664, 95.8224852073, 246.1568047338);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 polygon{fill:rgb(248, 212, 93);stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-8{stroke:rgb(248, 212, 93);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 path{fill:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-9{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-9{stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-9{stroke-width:-13;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 line{stroke:rgb(149.7173913044, 219.3043478259, 23.1956521739);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 polygon{fill:rgb(184, 151, 244);stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-9{stroke:rgb(184, 151, 244);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 polygon,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 path{fill:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node-icon-10{font-size:40px;color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-edge-10{stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge-depth-10{stroke-width:-16;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 line{stroke:rgb(18.405737705, 231.0942622953, 137.0204918033);stroke-width:3;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 polygon{fill:rgb(246, 142, 188);stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].section-edge-10{stroke:rgb(246, 142, 188);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root polygon{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root text{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-root span{color:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .icon-container{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .edge{fill:none;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .mindmap-node-label{dy:1em;alignment-baseline:middle;text-anchor:middle;dominant-baseline:middle;text-align:center;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node{filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-root rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-root path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-root circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-root polygon{fill:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-root .text-inner-tspan{fill:rgb(13, 13, 13);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section--1 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section--1 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-0 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-0 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-1 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-1 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-2 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-2 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-3 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-3 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-4 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-4 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-5 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-5 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-6 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-6 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-7 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-7 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-8 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-8 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-9 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-9 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 path,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 circle,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].mindmap-node.section-10 polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);fill:rgb(222, 234, 251);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .section-10 line{stroke-width:0;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ .node .neo-node{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].cluster rect,#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node polygon{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].swimlane.cluster rect{filter:none;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node path{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);stroke-width:1px;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node .outer-path{filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node .neo-line path{stroke:rgb(83, 154, 248);filter:none;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node circle{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].node circle .state-start{fill:#000000;}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].icon-shape .icon{fill:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ [data-look="neo"].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:url(#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_-gradient);filter:drop-shadow( 1px 2px 2px rgba(185,185,185,1));}#chatgpt-mermaid-\_r_fe\_ :root{--mermaid-font-family:-apple-system-body,ui-sans-serif,-apple-system,system-ui,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,"Apple Color Emoji",Arial,sans-serif,"Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol";}PHOTOSYNTHESISChlorophyll andChloroplastsChloroplast is the siteChlorophyll absorbs lightThylakoid membranesStromaLight-Dependent ReactionsLocation: ThylakoidsLight excites electronsWater splittingOxygen releasedElectrons and H+ suppliedElectron transportProton gradientATP productionNADPH productionCalvin CycleLocation: StromaCarbon fixationCO2RuBisCORuBP3-PGAReductionATP and NADPH usedG3P producedRegenerationRuBP restoredG3P contributes to sugarsFactors AffectingPhotosynthesisLight intensityCO2 concentrationTemperatureWater availabilityLimiting factorsRate experimentsEnergy and Matter FlowLight energy capturedATP and NADPH transferenergyCO2 supplies carbonG3P supports carbohydratesynthesisOxygen released from water ## 4. High-priority exam revision | Key term | What to remember | | --------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | | Chlorophyll | Absorbs light energy | | Photolysis | Splitting of water using light energy | | ATP | Transfers usable chemical energy | | NADPH | Carries high-energy electrons for reduction | | RuBisCO | Enzyme involved in carbon fixation | | RuBP | CO₂ acceptor in the Calvin cycle | | G3P | Three-carbon product used to synthesize sugars | | Limiting factor | Factor restricting the rate of photosynthesis | Three essential comparisons - Light-dependent reactions vs. Calvin cycle: thylakoid membranes vs. stroma; ATP and NADPH production vs. ATP and NADPH consumption. - ATP vs. NADPH: energy transfer vs. reducing power and electron transfer. - Oxygen vs. glucose: oxygen released during water splitting vs. carbohydrates formed through carbon fixation and subsequent synthesis. Final memory aid: Capture light → make ATP and NADPH → fix CO₂ → produce G3P → build sugars.